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800Scrap.ae

Professional Brass Scrap Buyers in UAE

Dispose of your industrial, commercial, and residential brass waste with the UAE’s leading industrial recycling specialists. At 800 Scrap, we provide unmatched scrap brass recycling services tailored specifically for plumbing contractors, MEP companies, HVAC installers, demolition specialists, and manufacturing facilities. Our transparent, digital weighing system ensures you receive honest, top-tier market valuation for every kilogram of brass scrap. Benefit from our same-day scrap collection services, hassle-free logistics, and certified, environmentally-responsible metal processing across Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and all Northern Emirates.

The Definitive Guide to Industrial Brass Metal Recycling

Brass is one of the most versatile, high-value, and sought-after copper-zinc alloys in the global metal recycling market. Known for its distinct golden hue, corrosion resistance, high electrical conductivity, and exceptional malleability, brass plays a critical role in modern infrastructure, plumbing systems, marine engineering, and manufacturing. Recycling scrap brass is highly lucrative for businesses because the physical properties of the alloy remain completely unchanged, meaning it can be melted down, refined, and repurposed infinitely without any degradation in quality. By recycling brass, commercial entities and contractors not only recover substantial capital from construction and industrial waste but also significantly reduce their carbon footprint. Utilizing recycled scrap brass consumes up to 80% less energy compared to extracting and refining raw copper and zinc ores, thereby conserving natural resources and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions in line with the UAE Net Zero 2050 strategic initiative.

Why Recycled Brass Holds Ultimate Economic and Environmental Value:

  • High Recyclability: Brass can be recycled indefinitely without losing its structural, chemical, or physical integrity.
  • Eco-Conscious Energy Savings: Processing scrap brass saves up to 80% of the energy needed to produce raw brass from primary virgin metals.
  • Corrosion-Resistant Value: The high concentration of copper and zinc inside brass makes it highly resistant to atmospheric rust and corrosion.
  • Critical Industrial Asset: Essential for marine fittings, heavy-duty machinery valves, sanitary fixtures, electrical connectors, and precision automotive inserts.

Exhaustive Types of Recyclable Brass Scrap We Purchase

We buy all types, grades, and alloys of copper-zinc brass. From solid machinery offcuts, marine propellers, and architectural hardware, to loose CNC lathe turnings, we guarantee top competitive market rates for the 25 specific categories below.

Category 1

Brass Rods

High-density solid brass rods commonly used in precision engineering, machining, fasteners, and gear production. We purchase both full-length offcuts and scrap rods.

Grade: Honey/Yellow Brass (C36000 Series)

Category 2

Brass Bars

Rectangular, hexagonal, and square solid brass bars discarded during metal fabrication, architectural layout, and heavy structural engineering projects.

Grade: Yellow Brass Scrap

Category 3

Brass Pipes

Thick-walled brass pipes removed from older commercial heating systems, domestic water supplies, and marine plumbing configurations.

Grade: Red/Yellow Brass Pipes

Category 4

Brass Tubes

Lightweight hollow tubes derived from heat exchangers, condenser lines, decorative structures, and industrial heating loops.

Grade: Clean Brass Tubing

Category 5

Brass Fittings

Threaded adapters, couplings, elbows, tees, and compression sleeves extensively used by MEP and plumbing contractors.

Grade: Mixed Plumbing Brass

Category 6

Brass Valves

Heavy-duty industrial pressure valves, gate valves, ball valves, and check valves sourced from HVAC projects, district cooling plants, and water treatment facilities.

Grade: Red/Yellow Valve Scrap

Category 7

Brass Taps

Discarded plumbing taps, faucets, mixer taps, and shower mixers recovered during building renovations and plumbing upgrades.

Grade: Plumbing Faucets Scrap

Category 8

Brass Plumbing Fixtures

Miscellaneous plumbing components, shut-off valves, manifold distribution blocks, and pressure-regulating assemblies.

Grade: Commercial Plumbing Brass

Category 9

Brass Sanitary Fittings

High-grade brass sanitary components, toilet couplers, drain covers, waste traps, and plumbing connectors from bathroom refurbishments.

Grade: Plated Yellow Brass

Category 10

Brass Bushes

Precision-machined friction bushes, sleeves, and guiding cylinders removed from industrial pumps, generators, and heavy-duty machinery.

Grade: High-Copper Bearing Brass

Category 11

Brass Bearings

Wear-resistant brass bearings and sliding plates used in high-load mechanical gearboxes, conveyor systems, and industrial motors.

Grade: Phosphor/Leaded Brass Bearings

Category 12

Brass Inserts

Threaded brass inserts used in plastic molding, electronics casing, wooden furniture assemblies, and automotive dashboard manufacturing.

Grade: Yellow Brass Inserts

Category 13

Brass Turnings

Fine metal chips, shavings, and spirals produced by CNC lathe operations, milling machines, and engineering workshops.

Grade: Clean Brass Turnings

Category 14

Brass Swarf

Fine, mixed machine shop dust, shavings, and moist turnings generated during large-scale brass milling and boring processes.

Grade: Machine Shop Brass Swarf

Category 15

Brass Honey Scrap

Standard clean yellow brass scrap, consisting of solid brass castings, tubing, and plates, free of iron, aluminum, and plastic contaminants.

Grade: ISRI Code: Honey

Category 16

Brass Mix Scrap

A mixture of various scrap brass grades, plated and unplated, plumbing fittings, decorative items, and architectural sheets with minor attachments.

Grade: Mixed Scrap Brass

Category 17

Brass Electrical Components

Heavy-duty electrical brass busbars, switchgear components, terminals, grounding clamps, and neutral link bars from electrical panels.

Grade: High-Conductivity Electrical Brass

Category 18

Brass Connectors

Male/female threaded electrical adapters, coaxial casing fittings, and high-purity signal cables connectors used in telecommunications.

Grade: Telecom Brass Scrap

Category 19

Brass Terminals

Small electrical wire crimp terminals, distributor blocks, and connector pins from industrial power distribution cabinets.

Grade: Threaded Terminal Brass

Category 20

Brass Fasteners

Brass screws, bolts, nuts, washers, anchors, rivets, and threaded studs collected during structural disassembly and demolition.

Grade: Fastener Grade Brass

Category 21

Brass Marine Parts

Corrosion-resistant brass propellers, bilge fittings, marine impellers, and navigational housing removed from commercial vessels and yachts.

Grade: Admiralty / Naval Brass

Category 22

Brass Decorative Items

Vintage brass ornaments, statues, candle holders, antique frames, handrails, and lighting chandeliers from hotel and residential clearances.

Grade: Cast Yellow Brass

Category 23

Brass Door Hardware

Solid brass door handles, pull bars, hinge plates, escutcheons, and sliding track guides collected during hotel and villa renovations.

Grade: Hardware Yellow Brass

Category 24

Brass Locks

Brass lock cylinders, padlocks, mortise lock bodies, safe keys, and master key system hardware from locksmith workshops and building demolitions.

Grade: Security Lock Cylinder Scrap

Category 25

Brass Scrap from Manufacturing

Stamped metal sheets, industrial stamping offcuts, punching skeletons, and fabrication waste directly from brass component manufacturers.

Grade: High-Purity Stamping Scrap

Industries We Buy From

We work closely with corporate entities, engineering yards, and commercial project managers to handle complex, bulk waste collections across various industrial sectors:

  • Plumbing Contractors: Generate massive amounts of brass pipe offcuts, scrap taps, threaded fittings, and sanitary hardware during copper/brass installation projects.
  • MEP Contractors: Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing companies supply large volumes of brass valves, electrical terminals, panel fittings, and mechanical bushings.
  • Construction Companies: Accumulate brass structural elements, heavy hardware, window and door tracks, and offcuts of brass alloys from commercial construction sites.
  • HVAC Companies: Dispose of high-quality brass control valves, heat exchanger headers, thermal expansion devices, and connector fittings from centralized HVAC installations.
  • Engineering Workshops: Generate thick brass rod ends, heavy bushings, precision machinery gears, and mechanical wear strips during custom fabrication.
  • Machine Shops: Produce high-purity brass turnings, cnc boring chips, shavings, and solid offcuts from high-speed brass parts milling.
  • Metal Fabricators: Dispose of structural brass tubes, metal sheets, framing offcuts, and custom welding skeletons during metal fabrication.
  • Manufacturing Plants: Yield massive stamping skeletons, stamping waste, punching rejects, and bulk industrial product scraps from assembly lines.
  • Hotels & Hospitality: Provide bulk volumes of plated brass sanitary fittings, locks, door hardware, and decorative lighting during complete hotel renovations.
  • Hospitals & Healthcare: Upgrade gas delivery systems, copper-zinc plumbing channels, specialized medical grade valves, and sanitizable brass hardware.
  • Government Projects: Generate structured scrap metal batches during municipal utility upgrades, public building demolitions, and water plant maintenance.
  • Marine Industry: Supply high-value Admiralty brass, Naval brass fittings, marine engine valves, heat exchangers, and boat propeller shafts.
  • Oil & Gas Sector: Provide heavy-duty, spark-resistant brass valves, control systems components, safety tools, and structural couplings from offshore rigs.
  • Warehouses & Logistics: Generate scrap from packaging equipment, structural racks, safety hardware, and damaged brass component inventories.
  • Demolition Contractors: Recover large quantities of clean architectural brass, electrical panels, heavy plumbing manifolds, and vintage brass pipes from structures.
  • Maintenance Companies: Regularly swap worn-out HVAC valves, water taps, pipe junctions, and electrical switch fittings across commercial structures.
  • Facility Management: Supply ongoing streams of building locks, bathroom faucets, decorative trims, and industrial motor casings from continuous upkeep operations.

Common Sources of Brass Scrap

Where is brass scrap most commonly generated? If you are managing any of the following projects, our recycling team is ready to clear your scrap:

  • Building Renovations: Fittings, handles, door trims, locks, and pipes stripped out during commercial office and residential upgrades.
  • Plumbing Upgrades: Removal of outdated yellow brass distribution manifolds, copper-alloy adapters, and gate valves.
  • Bathroom Renovations: Faucets, brass taps, waste drains, shower arms, and chrome-plated decorative brass accessories.
  • Hotel Refurbishments: Massive scale clearance of luxury brass hardware, decorative door handles, locks, and ambient light frames.
  • Hospital Renovations: High-grade brass valves, chemical-resistant plumbing systems, and specialized oxygen line connectors.
  • Factory Maintenance: Replacing friction bearings, slide blocks, machine guide bushes, and high-pressure steam valves.
  • Manufacturing Waste: Skeletons, stamping blanks, metal slugs, rejects, and structural offcuts from industrial fabrication lines.
  • CNC Machine Shops: Lathe turnings, metal swarf, high-purity shavings, and drilling chips from brass fabrication.
  • Valve Replacement: MEP and district cooling shutdowns that result in the removal of massive commercial gate, ball, and check valves.
  • HVAC Projects: Chiller connections, heat exchanger tubes, refrigerant flow lines, and copper-zinc system manifolds.
  • Demolition Projects: Heavy structural brass beams, electrical grounding plates, decorative panels, and plumbing systems from demolished hotels.
  • Engineering Workshops: Short rod ends, experimental prototypes, damaged gearing, and heavy bronze-brass sleeve bushes.
  • Industrial Shutdowns: Refining units, water purification columns, and industrial cooling towers discarding brass cooling tubes.
  • Construction Offcuts: Discarded sections of brand new brass pipes, bars, angles, and electrical wiring elements.

Our Professional 8-Step Brass Recycling Process

01

Commercial Collection & Transport

We pick up scrap brass directly from your construction site, workshop, or manufacturing warehouse using our heavy-duty crane trucks and flatbeds. We provide customized skip containers for continuous scrap accumulation.

02

Digital Weighing & Verification

All collected brass scrap is weighed at our certified recycling yards in Dubai using state-of-the-art, digital weighbridge systems. This ensures 100% transparent and verified weight records for every client transaction.

03

Manual Pre-sorting & Grading

Our metal specialists sort the scrap by brass grade (e.g., Yellow Brass Honey, Red Brass, Admiralty Brass, Turnings). We separate solid castings from tubes, turnings, and plated items to maximize processing efficiency.

04

Spectrometer Alloy Identification

We utilize advanced handheld XRF Spectrometer devices to analyze the exact copper, zinc, lead, and tin content of high-value marine and engineering alloys, ensuring accurate grading and premium valuation.

05

Decontamination & Cleaning

Plumbing attachments, steel screws, plastic sleeves, rubber gaskets, solder, and oil residues are stripped. Clean brass commands much higher value and prepares the metal for standard smelting.

06

Mechanical Shredding & Processing

Clean sorted brass is processed through heavy-duty industrial shredders and compacting balers, reducing the physical volume of the metal to optimize furnace loading rates and melting times.

07

High-Temperature Melting

Processed scrap brass is loaded into advanced, energy-efficient electric induction furnaces. The metal is melted at high temperatures reaching approximately 900°C to 940°C depending on alloy composition.

08

Refining & Casting New Alloys

Melted brass is chemically refined to correct any alloy imbalances. Impurities (slag) are skimmed off. The pure brass is then cast into high-quality ingots, billets, or wire rods, ready for manufacturing plants to produce new products.

Key Factors Affecting Brass Scrap Market Value

While we guarantee the top market rate, several parameters dictate how much your scrap brass is worth. Separating items and ensuring minimum contamination will drastically increase your final payouts.

● Brass Grade and Purity

The percentage of copper in the brass alloy directly influences its scrap value. High-copper brasses like Red Brass (containing 85% copper) yield significantly higher prices compared to standard Yellow Brass (containing 60-65% copper).

● Contamination Levels

The presence of attached non-metal contaminants such as plastic sleeves, rubber gaskets, grease, paint, or foreign metals like steel screws reduces the net weight and lowers the grade, decreasing valuation.

● Presence of Chrome Plating

Plumbing fixtures like faucets and bathroom taps are often electroplated with chromium. While recyclable, chrome-plated yellow brass is graded slightly lower than unplated, bare yellow brass castings due to smelting loss.

● Scrap Volume and Consistency

Large, consolidated quantities of brass scrap lower logistics costs and qualify for wholesale premium rates. Ongoing contracts with manufacturing plants and MEP contractors always yield top pricing.

● Turnings vs. Solid Scrap

Solid brass castings, rod ends, and thick pipes command higher rates than fine lathe turnings and swarf. Shavings have a higher surface-area-to-weight ratio, are more prone to oxidation, and contain cutting oils.

● Market Demand and Copper/Zinc LME Indices

Scrap brass prices are directly linked to the London Metal Exchange (LME) spot prices for raw Copper and Zinc. Standard international market fluctuations reflect instantly in our daily scrap valuation.

● Logistics and Pickup Location

Proximity to our main recycling centers in Dubai and Sharjah plays a minor role in price calculations. Deep industrial locations or remote sites requiring extensive crane support might adjust the net offer.

● Sorting Quality

Clients who pre-sort their brass scrap from copper pipes, aluminum, and stainless steel prior to collection always receive a premium valuation because it minimizes processing labor.

● Moisture and Cutting Oil Content

Moisture, coolant fluids, and cutting oils inside brass swarf and turnings alter net weight measurements. Drying and centrifuge cleaning are required before processing, affecting pricing.

Why Choose 800 Scrap as Your Scrap Brass Dealer?

Fair Market Pricing

We update our purchasing rates daily based on London Metal Exchange (LME) copper and zinc indices, offering you absolute top market valuation.

Same-Day Collection

Our extensive fleet of flatbeds and crane-equipped trucks is deployed daily to provide responsive, same-day pickup services across the UAE.

Digital Weighing

We operate fully transparent, certified digital weighbridge systems and portable electronic scales, providing 100% weight accuracy.

Commercial Specialists

We specialize in complex MEP, HVAC, and industrial contracts, handling high-volume logistics and corporate waste-compliance with ease.

Industrial Experience

With over a decade of scrap metal recycling experience in the Middle East, we handle large demolition and plant clearance projects efficiently.

Fast Cash & Bank Transfers

We offer instant on-site cash payments, secure corporate bank transfers, or immediate cheques according to your preference and corporate compliance.

Transparent Process

From spectral alloy analysis to certified weighing logs, we keep every step open, building lasting commercial partnerships.

Responsible Recycling

We are an ISO-certified, municipality-approved recycling entity, processing all scrap brass according to clean-tech and green UAE standards.

UAE Areas We Serve - Nationwide Fast Collection

We have specialized skip trucks and metal loading flatbeds stationed in key industrial centers across the Emirates to guarantee rapid pickup, skip replacement, and immediate payouts.

📍 Dubai

Al Quoz Industrial, Jebel Ali Industrial Area, Ras Al Khor Industrial, Dubai Investment Park (DIP), TechnoPark, Warsan

Our central logistics fleet is active daily in Al Quoz and Jebel Ali, servicing major MEP contractors and manufacturing hubs with direct skip placements.

📍 Sharjah

Industrial Area 1 to 18, Sajaa Industrial Area, Hamriyah Free Zone, Kalba, Khor Fakkan

Sajaa and surrounding industrial sectors receive prioritized heavy fleet support for bulk manufacturing wastes, lathe turnings, and heavy machinery parts.

📍 Abu Dhabi

Musaffah Industrial Area, ICAD I, II & III, Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi (KIZAD), Al Ain Industrial Area

We handle massive industrial district cooling HVAC swaps and manufacturing plants in Musaffah, delivering fully certified environmental scrap receipts.

📍 Ajman

Ajman Industrial Area 1 & 2, Jurf Industrial Area, Al Hamidiyah

Servicing medium-scale engineering shops, aluminum-brass casting units, and local sanitary hardware distributors.

📍 Ras Al Khaimah

Al Ghail Industrial Area, Al Hamra, RAK Maritime City

Direct scrap contracts with glass, ceramic and maritime fabrication entities for Admiralty brass propellers and heavy industrial offcuts.

📍 Fujairah

Fujairah Free Zone, Maritime Industrial Area, Qidfa

Active in shipping ports, bunkering facilities, and maritime engineering workshops to purchase marine alloy valves and propeller scraps.

📍 Umm Al Quwain

UAQ Industrial Area, Umm Al Thoub

We provide scheduled scrap containers and flatbed truck pickups for plastic molding factories and structural engineering shops.

Frequently Asked Questions About Brass Scrap Recycling

800 Scrap is widely recognized as one of the top-rated, certified brass scrap buyers in the UAE. We operate modern recycling yards in Dubai, Sharjah, and Abu Dhabi, offering fair market pricing tied directly to the London Metal Exchange (LME). Our commercial fleet provides hassle-free, same-day collection, and our certified digital weighing guarantees absolute transparency. We specialize in high-volume industrial contracts for MEP, plumbing, and manufacturing partners.
Red Brass (also known as semi-red brass or gunmetal) typically contains about 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Its reddish tint is highly sought after and commands a premium price due to its high copper content. Yellow Brass is a standard commercial alloy containing approximately 60-65% copper and 30-35% zinc, which gives it a bright golden color. It is commonly found in plumbing fixtures, decorative items, and structural fittings.
Yes, you can. We buy chrome-plated brass taps, bathroom faucets, and sanitary fixtures. While the exterior surface is plated with a thin layer of chromium for a silver-like shine, the underlying structure is high-grade yellow brass. Chrome-plated brass is categorized as mixed plumbing brass and is highly recyclable, although it is graded slightly lower than bare, unplated yellow brass castings.
Our grading is based on alloy purity, copper content, and clean-cut composition. The main categories include: Clean Solid Yellow Brass (Honey scrap, free of attachments), Red Brass (high copper alloy), Brass Rods & Bars (extrusion grade), Brass Turnings & Swarf (cnc machining filings, oil-cleaned), Mixed Plumbing Brass (fixtures with minor solder or chrome coating), and Dirty Brass (containing rubber, iron, or plastic parts).
Absolutely. We are major buyers of industrial brass turnings, shavings, and CNC swarf from machine shops and precision engineering workshops across Sajaa, Al Quoz, and Musaffah. Because turnings are frequently covered in cooling oils, cutting fluids, or moisture, we grade them accordingly and use centrifugal drying to determine net dry weight, ensuring a fair transaction.
For commercial sites, MEP projects, and industrial workshops, we provide free pickup services for quantities starting from 500 kg. For smaller volumes, residential customers can bring their scrap brass directly to our central processing facility in Dubai, where we weigh and pay instantly based on current daily rates.
We ensure absolute transparency by using fully certified, municipality-approved digital scales. For bulk collections, we utilize our heavy-duty vehicles weighed on certified, calibrated industrial weighbridges (truck scales) before and after unloading. For smaller, precise workshops, we use high-accuracy portable digital floor scales on-site in front of you.
Scrap brass prices in the UAE are directly linked to the global spot prices for Copper and Zinc on the London Metal Exchange (LME). Because brass is a binary alloy of these two metals, its price fluctuates daily. We adjust our purchasing prices every morning in alignment with LME indices, purity levels, contamination offsets, and local supply-demand trends.
Yes. For MEP contractors, manufacturing plants, demolition projects, and large engineering workshops, we offer free placement of heavy-duty skip containers. You can accumulate brass offcuts, rods, and swarf, and once the container is full, you simply call us, and our team will replace it with an empty skip within 24 hours.
Our pickup services cover the entirety of Dubai. We have daily logistics operations in Al Quoz Industrial Areas 1 to 4, Jebel Ali Industrial Areas 1 & 2, Ras Al Khor Industrial Areas, Dubai Investment Park (DIP), Warsan, TechnoPark, Al Awir, and Silicon Oasis, ensuring rapid, reliable same-day collections.
Yes, we specialize in corporate partnerships for MEP, HVAC, and civil engineering companies. We establish official recycling agreements with structured pricing terms, monthly weight reporting, municipal disposal certificates (for green compliance), and flexible payment options including direct corporate bank transfers.
We provide fully compliant, flexible payment methods. For on-site collections, we can settle in cash up to legally permitted limits, issue instant bank cheques, or process immediate corporate wire transfers (Telegraphic Transfer) upon weighbridge ticket confirmation, accommodating your corporate accounting needs.
Yes. We frequently source Admiralty Brass and Naval Brass from shipyard refitting, vessel dismantling, and marine engineering workshops in Fujairah Maritime zone and RAK Maritime City. These alloys contain copper, zinc, and a small percentage of tin to resist salt-water corrosion, and we value them highly using handheld spectrometer analyzers.
To secure the highest payout, you should separate brass from other metals like copper, aluminum, and iron. Ensure you remove non-metallic attachments such as plastic fittings, heavy rubber gaskets, and steel screws. Pre-sorted, clean brass rods and castings command significantly higher prices than mixed, contaminated scrap.
Yes, brass lock cylinders, padlocks, keys, mortise lock sets, and door lock bodies are highly recyclable. They are typically made from a durable, leaded yellow brass alloy that stands up to friction. We buy lock cylinder scrap in bulk from lock workshops, hotel refurbishments, and demolition sites, removing steel springs and pins during processing.
Absolutely. 800 Scrap is fully licensed and approved by the Dubai Municipality, Sharjah Municipality, and Abu Dhabi environmental regulatory bodies. We hold all necessary civil defense and environmental permits, operating under strict international safety and eco-conscious ISO standards to guarantee responsible metal recycling.
According to the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) guidelines, the code word ‘Honey’ refers to clean, solid yellow brass scrap. It should consist of brass castings, rolled brass, rod brass, tubing, and miscellaneous yellow brass solids. It must be free of manganese bronze, aluminum bronze, unsweated radiator cores, iron, and plastic.
Landfilling brass waste is an immense financial loss and environmental hazard. Recycling brass keeps heavy metals out of the soil and conserves critical reserves of copper and zinc. Furthermore, melting scrap brass utilizes 80% less energy than primary ore mining, reducing CO2 emissions, saving municipal landfill space, and directly contributing to the circular economy.
Yes, we accept brass cartridge shell casings, often referred to as ’70/30 brass’ (70% copper, 30% zinc). However, for safety and regulatory compliance, we strictly require that all casing shells are entirely deactivated, empty, and completely free of live primers, powder, or explosive residues before transport.
Hotel refurbishments yield massive quantities of high-value brass assets, such as decorative light fittings, solid brass door handles, high-end bathroom taps, and keycard locks. We coordinate closely with hotel contractors, providing site-clearing logistics, continuous skip collections, clean sorting, and transparent payments, transforming renovation waste into liquid revenue.

Turn Your Commercial Brass Scrap Into Direct Revenue

Get in touch with 800 Scrap today for a fast, free, and transparent brass scrap quotation. Our professional logistics team is ready to deploy flatbeds, crane trucks, and skip containers to your site within 24 hours. Contact our commercial metal buyers directly via phone or WhatsApp for instant daily LME rates.